Learning Python Programming Language Through Video Lectures

One of the upcoming projects I am doing (I will reveal it in one of the next blog posts.) is going to be written entirely in Python. I have a good understanding of Python but, same as I had with JavaScript, I have little experience doing projects from the ground up in it.

Update: the project was redditriver.com, read designing redditriver.com (includes full source code).

Before diving into the project I decided to take a look at a few Python video lectures to learn language idioms and features which I might have not heard of.

Finding Python video lectures was pretty easy as I run a free video lecture blog.

First Python Lecture: Python for Programmers

Interesting moments in the lecture:

• [07:15] There are several Python implementations - CPython, PyPy, IronPython and Jython.
• Python has similarities with [12:04] Java, [15:30] C++ and [19:05] C programming languages.
• [15:37] Python is multi-paradigm language supporting object oriented, procedural, generic and functional programming paradigms.
• [19:49] Python follows C standard's rationale: 1. trust the programmer; 2. don't prevent the programmer from doing what needs to be done; 3. keep the language small and simple; 4. provide only one way to do an operation.
• [13:02] Python code is normally implicitly compiled to bytecode.
• [13:25] Everything inherits from object.
• [14:56] Garbage collection in classic Python happens as soon as possible.
• [24:50] Python has strong but dynamic typing.
• [28:42] Names don't have types, objects do.
• [36:25] Why are there two ways to raise a number to a power (with double star ** operator and pow())? - Because pow() is a three argument function pow(x, y, z) which does x^y mod z.
• [36:52] Python supports plain and Unicode strings.
• [38:40] Python provides several built-in container types: tuple's, list's, set's, frozenset's and dict's.
• [41:55] c[i:j:k] does slicing with step k.
• [42:45] c[i:j] always has first bound included and last bound excluded.
• [44:11] Comparisons can be "chained", for example 3 < x < 9.
• [45:05] False values in Python are 0, "", None, empty containers and False.
• [49:07] 'for' is implemented in terms of iterators.
• [52:18] Function parameters may end with *name to take a tuple of arbitrary arguments, or may end with **name to take a dict of arbitrary arguments.
• [55:39] Generators.
• [01:00:20] Closures.
• [01:02:00] Classes.
• [01:05:30] Subclassing.
• [01:07:00] Properties.
• [01:14:35] Importing modules.
• [01:16:20] Every Python source file is a module, and you can just import it.
• [01:17:20] Packages.

Okay, this talk was a very basic talk and it really was an introduction for someone who never worked in Python. I could not find many interesting points to point out from the lecture, so the last 8 points are just titles of topics covered in the lecture.

Second Python Lecture: Advanced Python or Understanding Python

Interesting moments in the lecture:

• [03:18] Python is designed by implementation.
• [04:20] Everything is runtime (even compiletime is runtime).
• [04:42] A namespace is a dict.
• [05:33] A function is created by having its code compiled to code object, then wrapped as a function object.
• [10:00] Everything is an object and a reference, except variables.
• [11:00] Python has 3-scopes rule - names are either local, global or builtin.
• [11:12] Global names mean they exist in a module, not everywhere!
• [14:02] 'import mod' statement is just a syntactic sugar for mod = __import__("mod").
• [14:15] sys.modules contains a list of cached modules.
• [14:30] You may set the value of a module name in sys.modules dict to None, to make it unimportable.
• [15:20] Mutable objects are not hashable, most immutable objects are hashable.
• [18:05] Assignments, type checks, identity comparison, 'and or not', method calls are not object hooks.
• [22:15] Any Python object has two special attributes __dict__ which holds per object data and __class__ which refers to the class.
• [27:18] Iterators are not rewindable, reversible or copyable.
• [29:04] Functions with yield return generators.
• [39:20] "New" style classes unified C types and Python classes.
• [47:00] __slots__ prevent arbitrary attribute assignments.
• [48:10] __new__ gets called when the object gets created (__init__ gets called when the object has already been constructed).
• [01:01:40] Inheritance is resolved using a C3 Method Resolution Order algorithm.
• [01:04:57] Unicode in Python.
• [01:06:45] UTF8 is not Unicode, it's a Unicode encoding!
• [01:11:50] codecs module automatically converts between encodings.
• [01:13:00] Recommended reading - Functional Programming HOWTO and Python source code ;)

This lecture gets pretty complicated towards the end as the lecturer goes deep into subjects which require adequate experience with Python.

Third Python Lecture: Python: Design and Implementation

Interesting moments in the lecture:

• [01:27] Python started in late 1989, around December 1989.
• [01:57] Python's named after Monty Python's Flying Circus.
• [06:20] Python was first released to USENET and then a public group comp.lang.python was started.
• [08:06] Guido van Rossum, the author of Python, moved to US in 1995.
• [09:58] Python will never become a commercial project thanks to Python Software Foundation, founded in 2001.
• [11:23] Python origins go back to ideas from ABC programming language (indentation for statement grouping, simple control structures, small number of data types).
• [13:01] Being on ABC's implementation team, Guido learned a lot about language design and implementation.
• [16:37] One of the main goals of Python was to make programmer's productivity more important than program's performance.
• [17:10] Original positioning of Python was in the middle between C and sh.
• [21:13] Other languages, such as, Modula-3, Icon and Algol 68 also had an impact on Python's implementation details.
• [24:32] If a feature can be implemented as a clear extension module, it is always preferable to changing the language itself.
• [25:23] The reason Python uses dictionaries for namespaces is that it required minimal changes to the stuff the language already had.
• [28:11] Language features are accepted only if they will be used by a wide variety of users. A recent example of a new language feature is the 'with' statement.
• [31:13] Question from the audience - "Can't the 'with' statement be implemented via closures?"
• [34:25] Readable code is the most important thing.
• [37:57] To add a new language feature, PEP, Python Enhancement Proposal has to be written.
• [40:47] Python's goal was to be cross-platform (hardware & OS) right from the beginning.
• [47:09] Python's lexer has a stack to parse indentation.
• [49:20] Two passes are run over abstract syntax tree, one to generate symbol table and the other to produce bytecode.
• [50:20] Bytecode opcodes are very high level, close to conceptual primitive operations in language, rather close to what hardware could do.
• [01:02:54] Jython generates pure Java bytecode.
• [01:03:01] Jython's strings are always Unicode.
• [01:06:45] IronPython is as fast or even faster than CPython.

Question and answer session:

• [01:08:57] Have there been attempts to compile Python to machine code (for example, x86)?
• [01:13:46] Why not use simple tail recursion?
• [01:16:09] How does the garbage collection work?

This video lecture gives an insight on history and development ideas of Python language. I believe it is important to know the history and details of the language design decisions to be really competent in it.

There are a few more lectures I have found:

• Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series: Python Design Patterns (Part 1)
• Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series: Python Design Patterns (part 2)
• Google Developers Day US - Python Design Patterns (a shorter/summary version of previous two)
• Python 3000 (Lecture on the next major Python version)
• ReUsable Web Components with Python and Future Python Web Development
• Introduction to Python for Plone developers (.mov, 184MB) and Download Slides.

There is also some great reading material available:

• a great, free book on Python - Dive into Python,
• a must-read article on Python coding style - Code Like a Pythonista: Idiomatic Python,
• Essential Python reading List,
• Ten quirky things about Python,
• How not to write Python code

Have fun learning Python!

PS. Do you know any other video lectures on Python that I haven't mentioned here? Feel free to post them in the comments! Thanks! :)